วิ้งค์คึ

วิ้งค์คึ

結果 (繁體中文) 1:

溫克

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

顫振

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

This chapter is based on a dataset of 1,224 crowdfunding projects that were active between 2010 and 2013. The dataset was originally assembled by Davies (2014), using web scraping scripts written in the Python programming language. Projects were collected from the seven largest platforms that either use the term “civic crowdfunding” to describe their activities, or contain a significant number of projects that provide services to communities: Catarse, Citizinvestor, Goteo, ioby, Kickstarter, Neighbor.ly, and Spacehive. Within this dataset, a discourse analysis of 274 projects on ioby, Neighbor.ly, Citizinvestor, and Spacehive was conducted on December 5and 6, 2013, in which each project was tagged for prominent themes in the texts. The coding process was repeated one day later, for consistency. The four most common themes were used as the basis for the four civic roles proposed in this paper. The case studies chosen to demonstrate each role were the projects in which these themes were most clearly articulated in the discourse itself. Only primary campaign materials, such as campaign pages and social media posts, were considered as part of the analysis, since these texts could be reasonably assumed to have been accessed by the largest number of potential backers.Twelve interviews with platform owners and campaign promoters were conducted by telephone and in person between June 2013 and April 2014. In person interviews were conducted in London, New York, and Kansas City, Missouri. Additional comments from platform owners were collectedfrom published videos and media appearances, as indicated. Archival study of Pulitzer’s campaign with The World was conducted at the Columbia University Rare Books Archive and the New York Public Library in March and April 2014, using a combination of microfiche and original documents.